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贝森特连出「3招」救长债!美债殖利率飙破5% 市场忧通膨、赤字成未爆弹

2026-10-27 03:42:04 网络 阅读(84)

美债殖利率飙升正逼迫美国财政部出手应对。30 年期公债殖利率一度冲上 5.27%、创 19 年新高之际,美财政部长贝森特(Scott Bessent)近一周连出三招,从联手日本干预日元、暗示可能缩减长债发行,到力挺联准会主席华许,试图压抑长天期利率升势。然而,在高通膨、巨额财政赤字与地缘政治风险等结构性压力下,市场仍质疑这些政策工具究竟能否真正扭转美债殖利率走高的趋势。

贝森特连出「3招」救长债!美债殖利率飙破5%  市场忧通膨、赤字成未爆弹

摩根大通资产管理公司投资组合经理人 Priya Misra 指出,联准会与财政部显然都对长天期利率的走势感到不安,而贝森特近期的种种操作,正是要向市场传达财政部已经掌握利率动向、且不惜动用一切政策工具因应的讯号。

8 月 3 日,美日两国财政部同步证实已联手进场买进日元,是美国睽违 28 年再度出手干预日元汇率。

当天一张被媒体捕捉到的贝森特内阁会议笔记,意外泄漏了行动的来龙去脉。上头写着拟买进 50 亿至 100 亿美元日元的计划。

然而外界分析,此举的用意远不止于「挺盟友」这么单纯。

日本是美国公债最大的海外持有国,持有部位超过 1.1 兆美元。一旦日本为筹措干预资金而被迫抛售美债,势必进一步推升本已居高不下的美国长天期利率。

分析指出,这在 10 年期公债殖利率创下今年以来新高、30 年期更触及近 20 年高点的当下,已从单纯的理论疑虑,升级为政策必须正面回应的急迫课题。

值得留意的是干预手法本身。贝森特并未直接抛售美元换购日元,因为那将对美债殖利率造成立即冲击,而是选择透过卖出欧元、买进日元的迂回方式完成操作,借此避开对公债市场的直接影响。

研究机构 RSM 首席经济学家 Joe Brusuelas 认为,具备避险基金背景的贝森特,看准了这个能同时压低殖利率曲线、撑住美元并援助重要盟友的时机。

贝森特紧接着又抛出另一张牌:呼吁联准会扩大「外国与国际货币当局附买回机制」的规模。这项机制让外国央行得以其持有的美债作为担保品借入美元,无需直接在市场上出售公债部位。

贝森特强调,相较于该机制在 2020 年设立时,如今公债市场规模已大幅膨胀,联准会考虑扩大这项工具的规模有其合理性。

道富银行资深总体策略师则认为,这项讯号的重要性甚至可能超越干预本身,因为它明确告诉市场:日本不必卖出美债也能取得美元流动性,等于是把日本手中的「筹码」,从「抛售美债」切换成「抵押美债」,借此斩断日元走贬、美债遭抛售、殖利率被推升的连锁反应。

纽约梅隆银行总体策略师 John Velis 则提醒,鉴于目前的财政支出政策与地缘政治情势,长期而言要缓解利率压力恐怕相当困难。

松口减少长债标售 打破「只增不减」惯例

分析指出,如果说干预日元是贝森特打出的第一张牌,那么财政部在季度再融资声明中的措辞调整,影响可能更为深远。

财政部在 8 月 6 日发布的声明中,将关于未来附息公债标售规模的表述,由原本的「未来可能增加」,微调为「未来可能出现变化」。这是贝森特自 2025 年初上任以来,财政部首度在长天期公债发行政策上释出松动迹象。

市场迅速将此解读为财政部未来可能调降 20 年期与 30 年期公债标售规模的讯号。根据 BMO 资本市场调查,约 61% 受访客户预期 30 年期公债标售规模下一步的变化方向将是缩减而非扩大。

道明证券美国利率策略主管 Gennadiy Goldberg 认为,这样的措辞转变有助于缓和殖利率曲线长端的市场气氛。

这项讯号打破了市场多年来对美债发行「只增不减」的既定认知。美国公债市场规模自 2018 年以来已翻倍成长至约 31 兆美元,在此背景下,供给端任何边际上的调整都可能对长天期利率产生不小影响。

不过,德意志银行策略师 Steven Zeng 也提醒,考虑到政府庞大的融资需求,削减长债发行恐怕并非财政部的基本剧本,这次措辞调整更可能只是为了暂时缓解市场对标售规模持续扩大的疑虑。

力挺华许 却也埋下矛盾伏笔

贝森特布局的第三步,是公开为联准会主席华许辩护。

7 月联邦公开市场委员会(FOMC)会议后,华许拒绝就央行何时、如何压低通膨给出明确指引,一度引发公债市场大举抛售,市场也质疑其抑制通膨的信誉。

贝森特随后在媒体上力挺华许,将这种沟通风格形容为一种让金融市场与财经媒体摆脱对联准会前瞻指引依赖的「戒断」过程。

然而,这套方法本身存在明显的内在矛盾。贝森特一方面试图透过干预汇市、暗示减少长债供给等手段压低长天期利率;另一方面,他所力挺的华许式「低调沟通」,恰恰可能是推升长天期利率的因素之一,因为市场因政策不确定性升高,往往会要求更高的期限溢酬作为补偿。

瑞银美国利率策略主管 Phoebe White 指出,财政部近期的一系列动作或许成效有限,但已充分显示财政部有意动用一切可用工具,阻止长天期殖利率进一步走高。

结构性压力远超财政部工具箱

尽管贝森特的三重布局引发市场高度关注,实际效果仍受到严峻的结构性因素制约。

短期而言,在汇市干预与油价回落的双重作用下,10 年期公债殖利率一度回落至 4.61%,但多数分析师认为政策效果有限,目前 30 年期殖利率仍维持在 5% 以上,10 年期也在 4.62% 左右徘徊。

首先是通膨的顽固性。美国通膨率已连续约五年高于联准会设定的 2% 目标,公债投资人需要看到通膨真正受控的具体证据,才愿意接受更低的殖利率。

法国巴黎银行策略师指出,缩减长债标售虽是压低殖利率为数不多的有效手段之一,但若财政部逐步、预告式地释出讯号,恐将削弱政策突袭所能带来的震撼效果。

其次是财政赤字规模庞大。美国政府每年新增近 2 兆美元赤字,势必需要持续发行大量新债。德意志银行认为,考虑到政府庞大的融资需求,削减长债发行并非基本情境;加拿大商业银行策略师则更直言,缩减部分附息公债标售规模,目前根本尚未被纳入政策选项之列。

第三则是地缘政治风险的冲击。伊朗战事推升的油价涨势已引发新一波通膨疑虑,带动 10 年期公债殖利率升至约 4.65%,高于川普第二任期开始时的水准。

加拿大帝国商业银行策略师也警告,倘若为减少长天期公债供给而大幅增加短天期公债发行,恐怕也会因需要吸引更多买家而推升短端殖利率。

Onepoint Bfg 首席投资长 Peter Boockvar 示警:「随着长天期利率走高,美国公债市场明显已变得相当脆弱,我们也因此呼吁海外持有者不要抛售。」

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    "description": "美债殖利率持续攀升,30 年期一度冲上 5.27% 创 19 年新高。美财长贝森特连出 3 招,从干预日元、暗示减发长债到力挺联准会主席华许,但通膨、财政赤字与地缘政治风险仍令美债市场承压。",
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    "content": "<p>美债殖利率飙升正逼迫美国财政部出手应对。30 年期公债殖利率一度冲上 5.27%、创 19 年新高之际,美财政部长贝森特(Scott Bessent)近一周连出三招,从联手日本干预日元、暗示可能缩减长债发行,到力挺联准会主席华许,试图压抑长天期利率升势。然而,在高通膨、巨额财政赤字与地缘政治风险等结构性压力下,市场仍质疑这些政策工具究竟能否真正扭转美债殖利率走高的趋势。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6567536/l/6f8256318255b435578273124576f813.jpg\" alt=\"贝森特连出「3招」救长债!美债殖利率飙破5%  市场忧通膨、赤字成未爆弹\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>摩根大通资产管理公司投资组合经理人 Priya Misra 指出,联准会与财政部显然都对长天期利率的走势感到不安,而贝森特近期的种种操作,正是要向市场传达财政部已经掌握利率动向、且不惜动用一切政策工具因应的讯号。</p>\n\n<p>8 月 3 日,美日两国财政部同步证实已联手进场买进日元,是美国睽违 28 年再度出手干预日元汇率。</p>\n\n<p>当天一张被媒体捕捉到的贝森特内阁会议笔记,意外泄漏了行动的来龙去脉。上头写着拟买进 50 亿至 100 亿美元日元的计划。</p>\n\n<p>然而外界分析,此举的用意远不止于「挺盟友」这么单纯。</p>\n\n<p>日本是美国公债最大的海外持有国,持有部位超过 1.1 兆美元。一旦日本为筹措干预资金而被迫抛售美债,势必进一步推升本已居高不下的美国长天期利率。</p>\n\n<p>分析指出,这在 10 年期公债殖利率创下今年以来新高、30 年期更触及近 20 年高点的当下,已从单纯的理论疑虑,升级为政策必须正面回应的急迫课题。</p>\n\n<p>值得留意的是干预手法本身。贝森特并未直接抛售美元换购日元,因为那将对美债殖利率造成立即冲击,而是选择透过卖出欧元、买进日元的迂回方式完成操作,借此避开对公债市场的直接影响。</p>\n\n<p>研究机构 RSM 首席经济学家 Joe Brusuelas 认为,具备避险基金背景的贝森特,看准了这个能同时压低殖利率曲线、撑住美元并援助重要盟友的时机。</p>\n\n<p>贝森特紧接着又抛出另一张牌:呼吁联准会扩大「外国与国际货币当局附买回机制」的规模。这项机制让外国央行得以其持有的美债作为担保品借入美元,无需直接在市场上出售公债部位。</p>\n\n<p>贝森特强调,相较于该机制在 2020 年设立时,如今公债市场规模已大幅膨胀,联准会考虑扩大这项工具的规模有其合理性。</p>\n\n<p>道富银行资深总体策略师则认为,这项讯号的重要性甚至可能超越干预本身,因为它明确告诉市场:日本不必卖出美债也能取得美元流动性,等于是把日本手中的「筹码」,从「抛售美债」切换成「抵押美债」,借此斩断日元走贬、美债遭抛售、殖利率被推升的连锁反应。</p>\n\n<p>纽约梅隆银行总体策略师 John Velis 则提醒,鉴于目前的财政支出政策与地缘政治情势,长期而言要缓解利率压力恐怕相当困难。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>松口减少长债标售</strong> <strong>打破「只增不减」惯例</strong></h6>\n\n<p>分析指出,如果说干预日元是贝森特打出的第一张牌,那么财政部在季度再融资声明中的措辞调整,影响可能更为深远。</p>\n\n<p>财政部在 8 月 6 日发布的声明中,将关于未来附息公债标售规模的表述,由原本的「未来可能增加」,微调为「未来可能出现变化」。这是贝森特自 2025 年初上任以来,财政部首度在长天期公债发行政策上释出松动迹象。</p>\n\n<p>市场迅速将此解读为财政部未来可能调降 20 年期与 30 年期公债标售规模的讯号。根据 BMO 资本市场调查,约 61% 受访客户预期 30 年期公债标售规模下一步的变化方向将是缩减而非扩大。</p>\n\n<p>道明证券美国利率策略主管 Gennadiy Goldberg 认为,这样的措辞转变有助于缓和殖利率曲线长端的市场气氛。</p>\n\n<p>这项讯号打破了市场多年来对美债发行「只增不减」的既定认知。美国公债市场规模自 2018 年以来已翻倍成长至约 31 兆美元,在此背景下,供给端任何边际上的调整都可能对长天期利率产生不小影响。</p>\n\n<p>不过,德意志银行策略师 Steven Zeng 也提醒,考虑到政府庞大的融资需求,削减长债发行恐怕并非财政部的基本剧本,这次措辞调整更可能只是为了暂时缓解市场对标售规模持续扩大的疑虑。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>力挺</strong><strong>华许</strong> <strong>却也埋下矛盾伏笔</strong></h6>\n\n<p>贝森特布局的第三步,是公开为联准会主席华许辩护。</p>\n\n<p>7 月联邦公开市场委员会(FOMC)会议后,华许拒绝就央行何时、如何压低通膨给出明确指引,一度引发公债市场大举抛售,市场也质疑其抑制通膨的信誉。</p>\n\n<p>贝森特随后在媒体上力挺华许,将这种沟通风格形容为一种让金融市场与财经媒体摆脱对联准会前瞻指引依赖的「戒断」过程。</p>\n\n<p>然而,这套方法本身存在明显的内在矛盾。贝森特一方面试图透过干预汇市、暗示减少长债供给等手段压低长天期利率;另一方面,他所力挺的华许式「低调沟通」,恰恰可能是推升长天期利率的因素之一,因为市场因政策不确定性升高,往往会要求更高的期限溢酬作为补偿。</p>\n\n<p>瑞银美国利率策略主管 Phoebe White 指出,财政部近期的一系列动作或许成效有限,但已充分显示财政部有意动用一切可用工具,阻止长天期殖利率进一步走高。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>结构性压力远超财政部工具箱</strong></h6>\n\n<p>尽管贝森特的三重布局引发市场高度关注,实际效果仍受到严峻的结构性因素制约。</p>\n\n<p>短期而言,在汇市干预与油价回落的双重作用下,10 年期公债殖利率一度回落至 4.61%,但多数分析师认为政策效果有限,目前 30 年期殖利率仍维持在 5% 以上,10 年期也在 4.62% 左右徘徊。</p>\n\n<p>首先是通膨的顽固性。美国通膨率已连续约五年高于联准会设定的 2% 目标,公债投资人需要看到通膨真正受控的具体证据,才愿意接受更低的殖利率。</p>\n\n<p>法国巴黎银行策略师指出,缩减长债标售虽是压低殖利率为数不多的有效手段之一,但若财政部逐步、预告式地释出讯号,恐将削弱政策突袭所能带来的震撼效果。</p>\n\n<p>其次是财政赤字规模庞大。美国政府每年新增近 2 兆美元赤字,势必需要持续发行大量新债。德意志银行认为,考虑到政府庞大的融资需求,削减长债发行并非基本情境;加拿大商业银行策略师则更直言,缩减部分附息公债标售规模,目前根本尚未被纳入政策选项之列。</p>\n\n<p>第三则是地缘政治风险的冲击。伊朗战事推升的油价涨势已引发新一波通膨疑虑,带动 10 年期公债殖利率升至约 4.65%,高于川普第二任期开始时的水准。</p>\n\n<p>加拿大帝国商业银行策略师也警告,倘若为减少长天期公债供给而大幅增加短天期公债发行,恐怕也会因需要吸引更多买家而推升短端殖利率。</p>\n\n<p>Onepoint Bfg 首席投资长 Peter Boockvar 示警:「随着长天期利率走高,美国公债市场明显已变得相当脆弱,我们也因此呼吁海外持有者不要抛售。」</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-13849.html\" title=\"Snowflake盘后飙逾20%AI股财报行情分歧、特斯拉Cybercab接棒登场\">Snowflake盘后飙逾20%AI股财报行情分歧、特斯拉Cybercab接棒登场</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-20527.html\" title=\"分析师:加盟商破产与成本压力冲击 温蒂汉堡关店潮可能只是开始\">分析师:加盟商破产与成本压力冲击 温蒂汉堡关店潮可能只是开始</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-9398.html\" title=\"737 Max 7苦等近十年终于过关!波音股价大涨 分析师喊上450美元\">737 Max 7苦等近十年终于过关!波音股价大涨 分析师喊上450美元</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-10142.html\" title=\"德银看好美光SCA转型!AI让记忆体价值占比飙至50% 获利有上修空间\">德银看好美光SCA转型!AI让记忆体价值占比飙至50% 获利有上修空间</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-10099.html\" title=\"特斯拉打造超大Terafab晶片园区 这些个股可望受惠\">特斯拉打造超大Terafab晶片园区 这些个股可望受惠</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-7854.html\" title=\"超微抢下AI超级大单!Anthropic砸数百亿美元买晶片\">超微抢下AI超级大单!Anthropic砸数百亿美元买晶片</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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