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家族拿出来的如果只是钱,那是最可被取代的一种

2026-10-12 17:19:11 网络 阅读(3)

从「特殊资产」到「额外性」:家族资本在影响力投资里的独特位置

家族拿出来的如果只是钱,那是最可被取代的一种

文/谢文渊(台湾影响力投资协会常务理事)

「有钱人应该多做点好事。」

这是我在各种场合最常听到、也最想修正的一句话。不是因为它不对,而是因为它把一件结构性的事情,讲成了道德问题。

如果影响力投资缺的只是钱,问题早就解决了。推动影响力的力量本来就很多元——基金会、企业、银行与保险、公共基金,各有各的角色。真正值得问的是另一个问题:在这些力量之中,家族能带来什么别人难以取代的东西?

先把「影响力投资」讲清楚

影响力投资不是 ESG 的别名。ESG 问的是「这家公司会不会伤害我的投资」,属于风险管理;影响力投资问的是「这笔钱有没有让某件好事真的多发生」。

一笔投资要被称为影响力投资,至少要做到三件事:在决策前写下它要解决的问题;说得出「没有这笔钱,这件事就不会发生」;并且持续衡量、揭露结果。少了最后一项,就只是换了名字的一般投资。

这个市场已不是利基。全球影响力投资资产约 1.57 兆美元,由近四千家机构管理,过去五年的年复合成长率约 21%。

一句话,两种语言

九月中旬,中国信托与政治大学产学合作的家族办公室研究智库发表了第二期报告《家族企业传承的思考与决策框架》,主笔是香港中文大学范博宏教授与新加坡管理大学谭子敏副教授。报告的核心命题是这一句:

「家族企业真正需要传承的,不是企业本身,而是支撑企业竞争优势的特殊资产。」

所谓特殊资产,报告的定义是:具有高度专属性、难以透过市场取得,且一旦脱离原有组织或情境,其价值便大幅降低的资产。报告把它分成五类——创办人的个人资本、知识与技术能力、家族品牌与企业声誉、社会资本与合作网络、治理文化。这五类里,只有技术能力勉强买得到,其余在市场上都没有标价。

我第一次读到这段时停住了。因为在影响力投资的专业语言里,最核心的概念之一叫「额外性」(additionality),它的定义是:没有这个投入,则这件事不会发生,或者会晚很多年才发生。(有机会我们可以再来谈谈每个人的人生额外性的重要。)

这是同一件事的两种语言。

一个家族如果拿出来的只是钱,那是市场上最可被取代的资源——今天你不投,明天会有别人投,额外性趋近于零。但如果家族拿出来的是特殊资产——一张采购订单、一段供应链里的信任、一项制造知识,甚至只是创办人愿意把名字借出来——那是市场上买不到的东西,额外性天然最高。

台湾家族手上真正的筹码

同一份报告给了一个份量很重的数字:台湾上市公司中超过七成属于家族企业,非上市企业更超过九成。

这代表台湾的高资产家族,绝大多数不是「金融资产持有者」,而是产业经营者。他们懂制造、懂供应链、懂客户,手上有实际的采购权与技术能力。这和许多国际金融中心吸引的家族办公室客群很不一样——后者多半长于资产配置,却不碰产业。

差别只在于:你是花钱当客户,还是花钱当股东。

一家家族企业要导入节能技术,可以向供应商采购,也可以投资一家早期的节能技术公司,同时成为它的第一个客户。后者给出的不只是资金,还有订单、产线验证场域与供应链背书——那一张支票的额外性,是单纯的财务投资人很难给得出来的。

中信与政大的报告里也举了台达电子的例子:其基金会的公益方向与企业核心能力高度一致,「形成企业经营、社会责任与家族理念相互支持的治理模式」。我个人理解的延伸是:如果慈善端可以和核心能力一致,投资端为什么不行?

家族得到什么

谈到这里,通常会有人问:「说了半天,家族得到什么?」这个问题必须先回答,顺序反了,后面就没有人听。

第一,报酬不必然比较差。依全球影响力投资联盟(GIIN)的调查,全球影响力投资资产中 89% 以风险调整后的市场报酬为目标,只有 11% 刻意接受较低报酬;在其追踪的 305 笔投资中,94% 的财务表现符合或超过预期。我不会说「影响力投资不牺牲报酬」——那是行销话术。诚实的说法是:报酬分布和一般投资一样有好有坏,选对管理人一样重要。牺牲报酬是一个选项,但不是必要的入场门票。

第二,它是目前最有效的家族治理工具之一。AlTi Tiedemann 与 Campden Wealth 今年的调查显示,已订定正式「财富目的」框架的家族办公室,一年内从 33% 升到 48%。三大动机是引导下一代(65%)、赋予保值以外的意义(61%),以及减少家族冲突(54%)。中信与政大的报告用了另一个说法——降低家族合作成本。这是经济学的语言,对企业主更有说服力。谈分产会伤感情,谈「我们家的钱要促成什么」不会。

第三,下一代真的会因此走进来。UBS 今年调查全球 307 家家族办公室,只有 27% 有结构化的继承人培养流程,29% 认为财务与治理教育不足是二代参与的障碍。我常给家族一个很实际的建议:拨出总资产的 1% 到 3%,交给下一代管理一个小型影响力投资组合,配一位导师与一套真正的衡量流程。这同时训练财务判断、价值取舍与对外沟通——比送去念一个学位,更接近真实的接班情境。

放下控制之后,要有东西接住

家族办公室如果只做配置与传承,它管理的是一笔钱;当它开始问「我们手上有哪些市场买不到的东西,可以促成什么」,它管理的才是一个家族的下一个五十年。

范博宏教授在同一个研究计划的第一期报告里写过一句话:放下控制,才能换取家族五十年的长治久安。

我想再补一句——放下控制之后,要有东西接住。接住的,是家族对「我们要促成什么」的共识。而影响力投资,正是把这份共识变成可执行、可衡量、也能被下一代检验的方式。

作者为台湾影响力投资协会常务理事,并为 SIC 永续影响力投资合伙人、倍恩资本董事长。

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台湾上市公司逾七成为家族企业、非上市逾九成;家族多是产业经营者,可把资金与经营能力结合做影响力投资。",
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    "content": "<p>从「特殊资产」到「额外性」:家族资本在影响力投资里的独特位置</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6627949/l/4f028e7f98cbe29f329cc01dcc79c1c9.jpg\" alt=\"家族拿出来的如果只是钱,那是最可被取代的一种\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p><strong>文/谢文渊(台湾影响力投资协会常务理事)</strong></p>\n\n<p>「有钱人应该多做点好事。」</p>\n\n<p>这是我在各种场合最常听到、也最想修正的一句话。不是因为它不对,而是因为它把一件结构性的事情,讲成了道德问题。</p>\n\n<p>如果影响力投资缺的只是钱,问题早就解决了。推动影响力的力量本来就很多元&mdash;&mdash;基金会、企业、银行与保险、公共基金,各有各的角色。真正值得问的是另一个问题:<strong>在这些力量之中,家族能带来什么别人难以取代的东西?</strong></p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<div>\n<p><strong>先把「影响力投资」讲清楚</strong></p>\n</div>\n\n<p>影响力投资不是 ESG 的别名。ESG 问的是「这家公司会不会伤害我的投资」,属于风险管理;影响力投资问的是「这笔钱有没有让某件好事真的多发生」。</p>\n\n<p>一笔投资要被称为影响力投资,至少要做到三件事:在决策前写下它要解决的问题;说得出「没有这笔钱,这件事就不会发生」;并且持续衡量、揭露结果。少了最后一项,就只是换了名字的一般投资。</p>\n\n<p>这个市场已不是利基。全球影响力投资资产约 1.57 兆美元,由近四千家机构管理,过去五年的年复合成长率约 21%。</p>\n\n<div>\n<p><strong>一句话,两种语言</strong></p>\n</div>\n\n<p>九月中旬,中国信托与政治大学产学合作的家族办公室研究智库发表了第二期报告《家族企业传承的思考与决策框架》,主笔是香港中文大学范博宏教授与新加坡管理大学谭子敏副教授。报告的核心命题是这一句:</p>\n\n<p>「家族企业真正需要传承的,不是企业本身,而是支撑企业竞争优势的<strong>特殊资产</strong>。」</p>\n\n<p>所谓特殊资产,报告的定义是:<strong>具有高度专属性、难以透过市场取得,且一旦脱离原有组织或情境,其价值便大幅降低的资产。</strong>报告把它分成五类&mdash;&mdash;创办人的个人资本、知识与技术能力、家族品牌与企业声誉、社会资本与合作网络、治理文化。这五类里,只有技术能力勉强买得到,其余在市场上都没有标价。</p>\n\n<p>我第一次读到这段时停住了。因为在影响力投资的专业语言里,最核心的概念之一叫「<strong>额外性</strong>」(additionality),它的定义是:<strong>没有这个投入,则这件事不会发生,或者会晚很多年才发生。</strong>(有机会我们可以再来谈谈每个人的人生额外性的重要。)</p>\n\n<p><strong>这是同一件事的两种语言。</strong></p>\n\n<p>一个家族如果拿出来的只是钱,那是市场上最可被取代的资源&mdash;&mdash;今天你不投,明天会有别人投,额外性趋近于零。但如果家族拿出来的是特殊资产&mdash;&mdash;一张采购订单、一段供应链里的信任、一项制造知识,甚至只是创办人愿意把名字借出来&mdash;&mdash;那是市场上买不到的东西,<strong>额外性天然最高。</strong></p>\n\n<div>\n<p><strong>台湾家族手上真正的筹码</strong></p>\n</div>\n\n<p>同一份报告给了一个份量很重的数字:<strong>台湾上市公司中超过七成属于家族企业,非上市企业更超过九成。</strong></p>\n\n<p>这代表台湾的高资产家族,绝大多数不是「金融资产持有者」,而是<strong>产业经营者</strong>。他们懂制造、懂供应链、懂客户,手上有实际的采购权与技术能力。这和许多国际金融中心吸引的家族办公室客群很不一样&mdash;&mdash;后者多半长于资产配置,却不碰产业。</p>\n\n<p>差别只在于:<strong>你是花钱当客户,还是花钱当股东。</strong></p>\n\n<p>一家家族企业要导入节能技术,可以向供应商采购,也可以投资一家早期的节能技术公司,同时成为它的第一个客户。后者给出的不只是资金,还有订单、产线验证场域与供应链背书&mdash;&mdash;那一张支票的额外性,是单纯的财务投资人很难给得出来的。</p>\n\n<p>中信与政大的报告里也举了台达电子的例子:其基金会的公益方向与企业核心能力高度一致,「形成企业经营、社会责任与家族理念相互支持的治理模式」。我个人理解的延伸是:如果慈善端可以和核心能力一致,投资端为什么不行?</p>\n\n<div>\n<p><strong>家族得到什么</strong></p>\n</div>\n\n<p>谈到这里,通常会有人问:「说了半天,家族得到什么?」这个问题必须先回答,顺序反了,后面就没有人听。</p>\n\n<p><strong>第一,报酬不必然比较差。</strong>依全球影响力投资联盟(GIIN)的调查,全球影响力投资资产中 <strong>89% </strong><strong>以风险调整后的市场报酬为目标</strong>,只有 11% 刻意接受较低报酬;在其追踪的 305 笔投资中,<strong>94% </strong><strong>的财务表现符合或超过预期</strong>。我不会说「影响力投资不牺牲报酬」&mdash;&mdash;那是行销话术。诚实的说法是:报酬分布和一般投资一样有好有坏,选对管理人一样重要。牺牲报酬是一个选项,但不是必要的入场门票。</p>\n\n<p><strong>第二,它是目前最有效的家族治理工具之一。</strong>AlTi Tiedemann 与 Campden Wealth 今年的调查显示,已订定正式「财富目的」框架的家族办公室,一年内从 33% 升到 <strong>48%</strong>。三大动机是引导下一代(65%)、赋予保值以外的意义(61%),以及<strong>减少家族冲突(54%)</strong>。中信与政大的报告用了另一个说法&mdash;&mdash;<strong>降低家族合作成本</strong>。这是经济学的语言,对企业主更有说服力。谈分产会伤感情,谈「我们家的钱要促成什么」不会。</p>\n\n<p><strong>第三,下一代真的会因此走进来。</strong>UBS 今年调查全球 307 家家族办公室,只有 27% 有结构化的继承人培养流程,29% 认为财务与治理教育不足是二代参与的障碍。我常给家族一个很实际的建议:拨出总资产的 1% 到 3%,交给下一代管理一个小型影响力投资组合,配一位导师与一套真正的衡量流程。这同时训练财务判断、价值取舍与对外沟通&mdash;&mdash;比送去念一个学位,更接近真实的接班情境。</p>\n\n<div>\n<p><strong>放下控制之后,要有东西接住</strong></p>\n</div>\n\n<p>家族办公室如果只做配置与传承,它管理的是一笔钱;当它开始问「我们手上有哪些市场买不到的东西,可以促成什么」,它管理的才是一个家族的下一个五十年。</p>\n\n<p>范博宏教授在同一个研究计划的第一期报告里写过一句话:放下控制,才能换取家族五十年的长治久安。</p>\n\n<p>我想再补一句&mdash;&mdash;<strong>放下控制之后,要有东西接住。</strong>接住的,是家族对「我们要促成什么」的共识。而影响力投资,正是把这份共识变成可执行、可衡量、也能被下一代检验的方式。</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.joseph-hsieh.com/#about\">作者</a>为台湾影响力投资协会常务理事,并为 SIC 永续影响力投资合伙人、倍恩资本董事长。 <a href=\"https://www.joseph-hsieh.com/insights/family-capital-more-than-money/\"></a><br>\n </p>\n\n<figure><a href=\"https://www.joseph-hsieh.com/#about\"><img data-height=\"285\" data-mime=\"image/png\" data-ratio=\"2.6666666666666665\" data-src-m=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6627949/m/93824b10c77b03e54cd3ae6cf2bfe899.jpg\" data-width=\"760\" src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6627949/l/93824b10c77b03e54cd3ae6cf2bfe899.jpg\" srcset=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6627949/l/93824b10c77b03e54cd3ae6cf2bfe899.jpg 1x,https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6627949/xl/93824b10c77b03e54cd3ae6cf2bfe899.jpg 2x,https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6627949/xxl/93824b10c77b03e54cd3ae6cf2bfe899.jpg 3x\"></a></figure><div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/tw/article-5245.html\" title=\"京鼎营收创下三纪录 上半年达118.55亿元\">京鼎营收创下三纪录 上半年达118.55亿元</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/tw/article-9741.html\" title=\"营收速报  - 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    "createdAt": "2026-10-12T03:15:31.000Z",
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