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AI泡沫恐重演次贷危机?Jefferies:或使美国「资本大毁灭」、市占率流向中国开源模型

2026-10-28 08:46:44 网络 阅读(50)

人工智慧(AI)产业持续扩张,背后的债务风险也引发华尔街资深策略师警戒。Jefferies全球股票策略主管、《GREED & fear》作者Chris Wood在最新季度报告中指出,当前AI投资热潮与2008年美国次贷危机存在相似之处,尤其大型云端业者正向OpenAI与Anthropic两家尚未获利的AI公司提供庞大信用支持,形成潜在的无担保融资风险。

AI泡沫恐重演次贷危机?Jefferies:或使美国「资本大毁灭」、市占率流向中国开源模型

Wood认为,AI产业可能在不久的将来迎来重大调整。随着中国开源大型语言模型(LLM)以更低成本提供接近美国尖端模型的效能,美国AI业者的竞争优势与庞大资本投入能否获得合理回报,也将面临考验。

他预期,这波AI热潮最终可能造成美国大规模资本损失,市场占有率则逐渐流向价格更低廉的中国开源模型。

中国AI模型快速追赶 低价竞争冲击市场

中国AI模型的成长速度,正成为Wood评估产业风险的重要依据。

根据他追踪的OpenRouter数据,截至9月27日当周,中国顶尖模型处理的Token数量达76.12兆个,远高于今年4月底的4.37兆个;同期,美国顶尖模型的Token处理量为14.2兆个。

除了使用规模扩大,中国模型的效能也逐步逼近美国竞争对手。Wood指出,Moonshot推出的Kimi K3已进入尖端模型竞争行列,预估效能相当于Anthropic Claude Fable 5的95%。

这代表,低价模型不再只是效能较差的替代选项,而是可能直接与高价产品竞争的对手。

价格压力也已反映在市场上。根据Silicon Data的LLM Token支出指数,AI Token市场平均价格自5月高点以来下跌52%,降至每百万Token 0.98美元。

2.34兆美元云端订单 近半来自两家亏损AI公司

Wood最关注的风险之一,是大型云端业者对少数AI客户的信用曝险过度集中,并将此类比于2008年房地产危机。

截至2026年第二季末,微软(MSFT-US) 、Google(GOOGL-US) 、亚马逊(AMZN-US) 及甲骨文(ORCL-US) 四大云端平台的剩余履约义务(RPO)合计达2.34兆美元,较一年前增加186%,增量约1.52兆美元。

不过,Wood指出,这笔庞大订单中,约有一半来自OpenAI与Anthropic,而两家公司目前都尚未实现获利。

这使大型云端业者面临一项结构性问题:它们必须先投入大量资金建置资料中心与算力设施,再依赖AI客户未来的付款,逐步回收投资成本。

Wood认为,这种安排相当于云端业者向持续消耗现金的AI企业提供集中、缺乏担保的信用支持。一旦AI公司的营收成长不如预期、融资能力减弱,或算力需求放缓,相关风险便可能沿着供应链回传至云端平台。

Jefferies科技分析师估计,2026年第二季,OpenAI与Anthropic合计约占Google Cloud营收的45%、微软Azure营收的25%;至于亚马逊AWS,两家公司合计占比预估将从第三季的6%提高至12%至18%。

Wood指出,大型云端业者根据租户未来付款承诺进行资料中心投资,与2008年房地产信用危机中的部分融资逻辑存在相似之处。

他也提醒,风险不只存在于大型科技公司。新兴云端服务商(neo-clouds)本身也透过借款取得晶片,再将算力出租给客户,因此同时承担融资与客户付款风险。

Wood的类比非常直接,他指出:「超大规模云厂商在数据中心上的投资,是基于假定租户未来付款的承诺,与2008年房地产信用危机如出一辙。」

表外承诺与债券发行攀升 融资压力升高

除了已揭露的债务,资料中心租赁承诺与其他表外融资安排,也可能使大型云端业者的实际财务负担高于帐面数字。

根据穆迪今年2月统计,五大超大规模云端业者尚未启动的资料中心租赁承诺达6,620亿美元,远高于2023年底的1,520亿美元。

《日经》一项研究则估计,截至2026年第二季末,五大业者的「隐性债务」合计达1.65兆美元,超过约1.35兆美元的帐面债务。

融资活动也同步扩大。五大超大规模云端业者今年已发行2,290亿美元债券,高于2025年全年的1,080亿美元。Wood并指出,自6月初以来,亚马逊、Google及Meta的信用利差已扩大13至16个基点。

随着大型科技公司持续为AI基础设施筹措长期资金,它们也开始与美国联邦政府竞逐债券市场的融资资源。

Wood建议,投资人应密切追踪AI相关借款人的信用利差变化,观察债权人是否开始降低对AI资本支出的融资意愿;资料中心资产证券化,也是值得关注的风险领域。

科技巨头获利成长存疑 AI投资恐形成循环

Wood对大型云端业者获利品质的质疑,是其报告中另一项值得关注的警讯。

数据显示,微软、Google、亚马逊与甲骨文四大云端业者,截至2026年第二季止的过去四季,年化利润合计增加2,220亿美元,达到5,810亿美元。

然而,同期「其他非营业收入/损失」项目也增加2,240亿美元,这项科目主要反映企业对未上市公司股权投资所产生的未实现评价利益。

换言之,四大云端业者的利润增幅,几乎可由这类帐面评价收益完全解释,引发外界对其实际获利能力的疑虑。

Wood指出,这背后可能形成一种循环式的财务结构:大型云端业者投资AI新创公司,新创公司再向这些业者采购算力服务,而云端业者则可能因AI公司的私募估值上升,认列股权投资的帐面收益。

此外,Wood也注意到美国企业获利数据的落差。过去三年,标普500企业公布的每股盈余(EPS)年化成长18%,但以国民帐户统计口径计算的非金融企业利润,同期仅成长5%。

他指出,这种明显背离上一次出现于网路泡沫高峰期,并认为相关数据可能反映财务工程对企业获利的影响。

自由现金流急缩 2027年资本支出上看9,930亿美元

AI投资的另一个关键问题,是持续增加的资本支出能否转化为足够的现金流。

Wood指出,四大云端业者的自由现金流已从2025年第四季的600亿美元,大幅降至2026年第二季的70亿美元,并预计在第三季转为负130亿美元。

尽管现金流明显承压,市场对未来资本支出的预期仍持续攀升。市场共识预估,四大云端业者的资本支出将从2026年的7,230亿美元,进一步增加至2027年的9,930亿美元。

Wood对这项预测提出质疑,认为投资人需要重新检视大型科技公司是否真的会依照目前的规画持续扩大支出。

Wood认为,AI产业在不远的将来可能迎来一次重大重置,市场也可能重新评估AI基础设施的合理投资规模。

AI安全诉求背后 可能也有商业利益考量

对于近期AI产业出现放缓尖端模型开发的呼声,Wood也提出不同解读。

Anthropic执行长Dario Amodei、OpenAI执行长Sam Altman及特斯拉(TSLA-US) 执行长马斯克近期相继呼吁放缓尖端AI开发,但美国总统川普随后拒绝相关主张。

Wood认为,投资人不应只从安全角度理解这类倡议,也应检视背后的商业诱因。他指出,以安全为由协调暂停开发,可能成为既有业者建立监管壁垒的方式,尤其当相关限制进一步影响开源模型,或针对来自中国的模型时。

他也提出另一种可能性:AI巨头或许已察觉算力成本逐渐难以负担,或模型需求开始趋于平稳,因此有意透过减缓竞争,维持产业的获利空间。

Wood将这种情况比喻为业者试图建立卡特尔(Cartel),也就是透过协调行动限制竞争。

相较之下,Meta(META-US) 执行长Mark Zuckerberg拒绝放缓AI开发的呼声,Meta股价此后上涨18%。

Wood维持「卖铲子」策略 真正转折可能来自信用市场

Wood自2023年以来,始终维持偏好「卖铲子」的投资策略,也就是布局向大型云端业者提供晶片、并从其资本支出中受惠的制造商,而非直接投资云端业者本身。不过,这项策略能否持续奏效,仍取决于AI基础设施的买气能否延续。

Wood认为,真正决定AI投资热潮何时反转的关键,可能在于信用市场,而非股票市场。

他指出,目前AI生态系发行的长天期债券规模已超过美国财政部,但资金主要用于兴建资料中心,最大型的租户却仍持续亏损;与此同时,债券市场动荡,美国联准会也处于升息环境,进一步加重融资压力。

Wood并援引1997年亚洲金融危机作为历史借镜。法国兴业银行(SocGen)策略师Albert Edwards同期也提出类似观点。

Wood指出,当年泰国经济奇迹的终结,并非单纯因为生产力表现令人失望,而是债权人开始察觉潜在问题,进而动摇市场信心。

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              "id": 45,
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          "pid": 10,
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      "level": 1
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      "id": 36,
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  "article": {
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    "title": "AI泡沫恐重演次贷危机?Jefferies:或使美国「资本大毁灭」、市占率流向中国开源模型",
    "shortTitle": "AI泡沫恐重演次贷危机?Jefferies:或使美国「资本大",
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    "author": "网络",
    "description": "Wood警告AI投资热潮恐重演次贷危机,云端巨头对OpenAI、Anthropic的信用曝险升高。
四大云端业者RPO达2.34兆美元,约半数来自两家未获利AI公司,自由现金流恐转负。
中国开源模型低价追赶,AI Token价格自5月高点跌52%;Wood认为,AI泡沫转折关键在信用市场。",
    "img": "https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6628000/l/a376ed09c4cc867ae5236386c415d8f7.jpg",
    "content": "<p>人工智慧(AI)产业持续扩张,背后的债务风险也引发华尔街资深策略师警戒。Jefferies全球股票策略主管、《GREED & fear》作者Chris Wood在最新季度报告中指出,当前AI投资热潮与2008年美国次贷危机存在相似之处,尤其大型云端业者正向OpenAI与Anthropic两家尚未获利的AI公司提供庞大信用支持,形成潜在的无担保融资风险。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6628000/l/a376ed09c4cc867ae5236386c415d8f7.jpg\" alt=\"AI泡沫恐重演次贷危机?Jefferies:或使美国「资本大毁灭」、市占率流向中国开源模型\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>Wood认为,AI产业可能在不久的将来迎来重大调整。随着中国开源大型语言模型(LLM)以更低成本提供接近美国尖端模型的效能,美国AI业者的竞争优势与庞大资本投入能否获得合理回报,也将面临考验。</p>\n\n<p>他预期,这波AI热潮最终可能造成美国大规模资本损失,市场占有率则逐渐流向价格更低廉的中国开源模型。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>中国</strong><strong>AI</strong><strong>模型快速追</strong><strong>赶</strong><strong> 低价竞争冲击市场</strong></h6>\n\n<p>中国AI模型的成长速度,正成为Wood评估产业风险的重要依据。</p>\n\n<p>根据他追踪的OpenRouter数据,截至9月27日当周,中国顶尖模型处理的Token数量达76.12兆个,远高于今年4月底的4.37兆个;同期,美国顶尖模型的Token处理量为14.2兆个。</p>\n\n<p>除了使用规模扩大,中国模型的效能也逐步逼近美国竞争对手。Wood指出,Moonshot推出的Kimi K3已进入尖端模型竞争行列,预估效能相当于Anthropic Claude Fable 5的95%。</p>\n\n<p>这代表,低价模型不再只是效能较差的替代选项,而是可能直接与高价产品竞争的对手。</p>\n\n<p>价格压力也已反映在市场上。根据Silicon Data的LLM Token支出指数,AI Token市场平均价格自5月高点以来下跌52%,降至每百万Token 0.98美元。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>2.34</strong><strong>兆美元云端订单 近半来自两家亏损</strong><strong>AI</strong><strong>公司</strong></h6>\n\n<p>Wood最关注的风险之一,是大型云端业者对少数AI客户的信用曝险过度集中,并将此类比于2008年房地产危机。</p>\n\n<p>截至2026年第二季末,微软(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:MSFT:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">MSFT-US</a>) 、Google(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:GOOGL:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">GOOGL-US</a>) 、亚马逊(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AMZN:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AMZN-US</a>) 及甲骨文(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:ORCL:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">ORCL-US</a>) 四大云端平台的剩余履约义务(RPO)合计达2.34兆美元,较一年前增加186%,增量约1.52兆美元。</p>\n\n<p>不过,Wood指出,这笔庞大订单中,约有一半来自OpenAI与Anthropic,而两家公司目前都尚未实现获利。</p>\n\n<p>这使大型云端业者面临一项结构性问题:它们必须先投入大量资金建置资料中心与算力设施,再依赖AI客户未来的付款,逐步回收投资成本。</p>\n\n<p>Wood认为,这种安排相当于云端业者向持续消耗现金的AI企业提供集中、缺乏担保的信用支持。一旦AI公司的营收成长不如预期、融资能力减弱,或算力需求放缓,相关风险便可能沿着供应链回传至云端平台。</p>\n\n<p>Jefferies科技分析师估计,2026年第二季,OpenAI与Anthropic合计约占Google Cloud营收的45%、微软Azure营收的25%;至于亚马逊AWS,两家公司合计占比预估将从第三季的6%提高至12%至18%。</p>\n\n<p>Wood指出,大型云端业者根据租户未来付款承诺进行资料中心投资,与2008年房地产信用危机中的部分融资逻辑存在相似之处。</p>\n\n<p>他也提醒,风险不只存在于大型科技公司。新兴云端服务商(neo-clouds)本身也透过借款取得晶片,再将算力出租给客户,因此同时承担融资与客户付款风险。</p>\n\n<p>Wood的类比非常直接,他指出:「超大规模云厂商在数据中心上的投资,是基于假定租户未来付款的承诺,与2008年房地产信用危机如出一辙。」</p>\n\n<h6><strong>表外承诺与债券发行攀升 融资压力升高</strong></h6>\n\n<p>除了已揭露的债务,资料中心租赁承诺与其他表外融资安排,也可能使大型云端业者的实际财务负担高于帐面数字。</p>\n\n<p>根据穆迪今年2月统计,五大超大规模云端业者尚未启动的资料中心租赁承诺达6,620亿美元,远高于2023年底的1,520亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>《日经》一项研究则估计,截至2026年第二季末,五大业者的「隐性债务」合计达1.65兆美元,超过约1.35兆美元的帐面债务。</p>\n\n<p>融资活动也同步扩大。五大超大规模云端业者今年已发行2,290亿美元债券,高于2025年全年的1,080亿美元。Wood并指出,自6月初以来,亚马逊、Google及Meta的信用利差已扩大13至16个基点。</p>\n\n<p>随着大型科技公司持续为AI基础设施筹措长期资金,它们也开始与美国联邦政府竞逐债券市场的融资资源。</p>\n\n<p>Wood建议,投资人应密切追踪AI相关借款人的信用利差变化,观察债权人是否开始降低对AI资本支出的融资意愿;资料中心资产证券化,也是值得关注的风险领域。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>科技巨头获利成长存疑 </strong><strong>AI</strong><strong>投资恐形成循环</strong></h6>\n\n<p>Wood对大型云端业者获利品质的质疑,是其报告中另一项值得关注的警讯。</p>\n\n<p>数据显示,微软、Google、亚马逊与甲骨文四大云端业者,截至2026年第二季止的过去四季,年化利润合计增加2,220亿美元,达到5,810亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>然而,同期「其他非营业收入/损失」项目也增加2,240亿美元,这项科目主要反映企业对未上市公司股权投资所产生的未实现评价利益。</p>\n\n<p>换言之,四大云端业者的利润增幅,几乎可由这类帐面评价收益完全解释,引发外界对其实际获利能力的疑虑。</p>\n\n<p>Wood指出,这背后可能形成一种循环式的财务结构:大型云端业者投资AI新创公司,新创公司再向这些业者采购算力服务,而云端业者则可能因AI公司的私募估值上升,认列股权投资的帐面收益。</p>\n\n<p>此外,Wood也注意到美国企业获利数据的落差。过去三年,标普500企业公布的每股盈余(EPS)年化成长18%,但以国民帐户统计口径计算的非金融企业利润,同期仅成长5%。</p>\n\n<p>他指出,这种明显背离上一次出现于网路泡沫高峰期,并认为相关数据可能反映财务工程对企业获利的影响。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>自由现金流急缩 </strong><strong>2027</strong><strong>年资本支出上看</strong><strong>9,930</strong><strong>亿美元</strong></h6>\n\n<p>AI投资的另一个关键问题,是持续增加的资本支出能否转化为足够的现金流。</p>\n\n<p>Wood指出,四大云端业者的自由现金流已从2025年第四季的600亿美元,大幅降至2026年第二季的70亿美元,并预计在第三季转为负130亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>尽管现金流明显承压,市场对未来资本支出的预期仍持续攀升。市场共识预估,四大云端业者的资本支出将从2026年的7,230亿美元,进一步增加至2027年的9,930亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>Wood对这项预测提出质疑,认为投资人需要重新检视大型科技公司是否真的会依照目前的规画持续扩大支出。</p>\n\n<p>Wood认为,AI产业在不远的将来可能迎来一次重大重置,市场也可能重新评估AI基础设施的合理投资规模。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>AI</strong><strong>安全诉求背后 可能也有商业利益考量</strong></h6>\n\n<p>对于近期AI产业出现放缓尖端模型开发的呼声,Wood也提出不同解读。</p>\n\n<p>Anthropic执行长Dario Amodei、OpenAI执行长Sam Altman及特斯拉(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:TSLA:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">TSLA-US</a>) 执行长马斯克近期相继呼吁放缓尖端AI开发,但美国总统川普随后拒绝相关主张。</p>\n\n<p>Wood认为,投资人不应只从安全角度理解这类倡议,也应检视背后的商业诱因。他指出,以安全为由协调暂停开发,可能成为既有业者建立监管壁垒的方式,尤其当相关限制进一步影响开源模型,或针对来自中国的模型时。</p>\n\n<p>他也提出另一种可能性:AI巨头或许已察觉算力成本逐渐难以负担,或模型需求开始趋于平稳,因此有意透过减缓竞争,维持产业的获利空间。</p>\n\n<p>Wood将这种情况比喻为业者试图建立卡特尔(Cartel),也就是透过协调行动限制竞争。</p>\n\n<p>相较之下,Meta(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:META:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">META-US</a>) 执行长Mark Zuckerberg拒绝放缓AI开发的呼声,Meta股价此后上涨18%。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>Wood</strong><strong>维持「卖铲子」策略 </strong><strong>真</strong><strong>正转折可能来自信用市场</strong></h6>\n\n<p>Wood自2023年以来,始终维持偏好「卖铲子」的投资策略,也就是布局向大型云端业者提供晶片、并从其资本支出中受惠的制造商,而非直接投资云端业者本身。不过,这项策略能否持续奏效,仍取决于AI基础设施的买气能否延续。</p>\n\n<p>Wood认为,真正决定AI投资热潮何时反转的关键,可能在于信用市场,而非股票市场。</p>\n\n<p>他指出,目前AI生态系发行的长天期债券规模已超过美国财政部,但资金主要用于兴建资料中心,最大型的租户却仍持续亏损;与此同时,债券市场动荡,美国联准会也处于升息环境,进一步加重融资压力。</p>\n\n<p>Wood并援引1997年亚洲金融危机作为历史借镜。法国兴业银行(SocGen)策略师Albert Edwards同期也提出类似观点。</p>\n\n<p>Wood指出,当年泰国经济奇迹的终结,并非单纯因为生产力表现令人失望,而是债权人开始察觉潜在问题,进而动摇市场信心。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-11910.html\" title=\"AI暗雷!美科技巨头藏3兆美元「隐性负债」、约为年资本支出的5倍\">AI暗雷!美科技巨头藏3兆美元「隐性负债」、约为年资本支出的5倍</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-6670.html\" title=\"美银:AI算力需求未降温 AMD仍是半导体首选 目标价上调至620美元\">美银:AI算力需求未降温 AMD仍是半导体首选 目标价上调至620美元</a></li>\n    <li><a 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