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华尔街最著名「乌鸦嘴」又盯上辉达 三大论点站得住脚吗?

2026-08-19 02:59:10 钜亨网 阅读(12)

贝瑞 (Michael Burry) 这位因精准做空次贷、被电影《大空头》纪录的基金经理,6 月 30 日披露了一份做空名单,涵盖辉达 (NVDA-US)(入场价 198.09 美元)、特斯拉(TSLA-US)、应用材料(AMAT-US) 及费城半导体 ETF(SOXX-US)。7 月 1 日,他新开仓做空美光(MU-US)(入场价 1051.87 美元)。7 月 25 日再度发文,进一步扩大对辉达、美光和 SOXX 的空头仓位。

华尔街最著名「乌鸦嘴」又盯上辉达 三大论点站得住脚吗?

他给出的理由并非新论,AI 基础设施建设存在「表外循环融资」和「折旧年限虚报」两大问题,辉达客户端的财务处理方式,可能让整个产业链的账面利润显得比实际更健康。消息一出,社群媒体反应几乎是条件反射式的,又是一套看空说辞。

辉达股价在披露后的走势经历了较大波动。6 月 30 日贝瑞首次披露当天,辉达收于约 200 美元,与其 198.09 美元的入场价基本持平。7 月初,受 Meta 宣布出租闲置 AI 算力等因素影响,费城半导体指数单日跌超 6%,辉达一度回落至 194 美元附近,但很快反弹,7 月中旬重回 210 美元上方。

7 月 25 日贝瑞第二次加码后,辉达在 7 月 27 日单日跌近 5% 至 196.51 美元。不过这轮下跌的直接驱动因素来自当天的一篇报导,该报导称辉达正讨论向 OpenAI 提供约 2500 亿美元融资担保。贝瑞随即在社交媒体上评论,称这相当于「辉达担保客户购买自家晶片」,呼应了他提出的「表外循环融资」论点,加剧了市场担忧。

此后辉达在 190 至 200 美元区间震荡,7 月 29 日触及 190 美元低点后快速回升,7 月 31 日收于 200.75 美元。以此计算,贝瑞 6 月 30 日 198.09 美元的入场价基本持平,略有浮亏;7 月 25 日 210.28 美元的加仓部分则浮亏约 4.5%。

这几乎是贝瑞的固定剧本。过去几年,他频繁唱空市场,命中率却屡遭质疑。由此引出一个更值得追问的问题:当一个「专业悲观者」再次开口,其判断究竟有多少可信度?更进一步说,在整个华尔街,真正在做空这些公司的,到底是少数人的孤注一掷,还是一场心照不宣的集体撤退?

将命中与失手并列来看,会发现一条清晰的分界线,他真正押对的几次,无一例外都是「结构性问题」叠加了「明确催化剂」,次贷违约到期潮、疫情黑天鹅莫不如此。而那些缺乏具体导火索、仅凭「估值过高」支撑的判断,几乎每次都失于时机。

这背后是他一以贯之的分析框架,不看容易被粉饰的市盈率和净资产收益率,只信自由现金流;不信评级机构和分析师报告,习惯像查病历一样翻查最原始的财务凭证。

这套方法论擅长回答「资产是否被高估、是否存在隐患」,却无法回答「风险何时引爆」,这恰恰是理解他此次做空的关键前提。

先看一组容易被忽略的数据:辉达当前的做空比例约占流通股的 1.3% 至 1.4%,处于相当低的水位(不过换算成名义金额,辉达同时也是美股做空规模最大的个股之一,绝对值并不小);截至今年 2 月的一份统计显示,做空辉达的机构整体已亏损超过 50 亿美元,是当时全市场空头亏损最惨的一只股票。不过值得注意的是,做空规模在今年初一度萎缩后,目前已重新回升。

真正敢公开、大规模下注做空的,只是极少数。贝瑞声量最大,但绝非唯一一个,也远算不上主流。

贝瑞这次提出的三项论点,说服力并不均匀。

第一点:折旧年限

这里涉及一个基本的会计逻辑,公司购置长期使用的设备,不能将全部支出一次性计入当期费用,而是要按设备的「使用年限」分摊到未来多个会计年度,每年只扣减一部分,由此账面利润会更为好看。

贝瑞质疑的是,AI 晶片这类硬体迭代极快,实际可用年限可能只有 2 至 3 年,但微软、谷歌、Meta 等采购晶片的云厂商,却将折旧年限拉长至 6 年。年限拉得越长,每年分摊的成本越少,账面利润也就被人为垫高。

辉达和部分分析师已正面回应,但需指出,回应的对象是下游客户的折旧政策,而非辉达自身。这场争论最终要靠未来几年的财报(是否出现大额减值)来验证。

第二点:表外循环融资

此论点指向的是,辉达当前旺盛的晶片订单,其中可能并非全部来自终端用户的真实需求,或存在一种「自我创造需求」的资金循环。

市场上流传的一个具体版本是,辉达为某家 AI 公司的算力扩张提供资金担保,这家公司以此担保资金租用云服务、采购辉达晶片,辉达则据此确认一笔「真实」的营收和订单。资金经周转后最终回流至辉达自身,而中间许多资金往来无需在财务报表中完整披露,故称「表外」。

贝瑞的担忧在于,若将这类「资助客户购买自身产品」的循环剔除,辉达真实的终端需求可能没有账面数字那么亮眼。辉达对此反驳称,其对外战略投资规模很小,仅占营收极小比例,指控缺乏依据。这一论点比第一条更依赖尚未完全披露的资讯,可验证性也更弱。

第三点:股票回购摊薄

贝瑞指控辉达近几年的股票回购夸大了每股盈利表现,但辉达随后指出,贝瑞的计算将员工股权激励的税款也计入其中,存在明显的口径错误。贝瑞本人未提供更详细的数据予以反驳,这条目前在三条中最缺乏说服力。

值得注意的是,与贝瑞持相反立场的,恰是另一位出自《大空头》的原型人物——艾斯曼(Steve Eisman)。艾斯曼表示暂时不打算做空辉达,理由包括:营收仍大幅增长、回购和分红持续加码、几大云厂商的资本开支承诺仍在扩张,这些数字目前经得起检验。但他同时坦言对这轮上涨的可持续性感到紧张,已主动减仓,7 月底还警告称,任何一家巨头削减 AI 资本支出,美股将面临直线下跌的风险。

两位同样经历过 2008 年、同样以逆向思维著称的老将,这次在 AI 这道题上给出了截然相反的答案。

而传奇空头查诺斯(Jim Chanos)的立场更为微妙。他认同贝瑞对「会计错配」的大方向判断,晶片设备商立刻确认收入,采购晶片的云厂商却将巨额支出分四到七年逐期摊销,这与 2001 年网际网路泡沫前夕的情形高度相似。当年思科的财报持续向好,电信运营商却靠拉长摊销周期来掩盖产能过剩,WorldCom 更是直接财务造假,直至丑闻暴露才集中引爆,酿成美国历史上最大规模的破产案之一。

但落到具体操作上,查诺斯选了一条完全不同的路。据他公开表态,他对记忆体晶片领域的周期博弈持谨慎态度,基本不碰美光;他也不直接做空辉达,反而认为它比同行更具估值吸引力。他真正下注做空的,是那些同时押注 AI 基建和商业地产、身处低资本化率环境的私募股权公司,针对的是这场 AI 热潮中金融杠杆的外围,而非晶片股本身。

将三方立场并列,可看出「AI 是否存在泡沫」这一大判断,在资深空头之间有相当共识,但「具体做空谁、如何下注」分歧显著,几乎各自为战。

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    "description": "《大空头》原型人物贝瑞进一步扩大对辉达、美光和 SOXX 空头仓位。他给出的理由并非新论,AI 基础设施建设存在「表外循环融资」和「折旧年限虚报」两大问题,辉达客户端的财务处理方式,可能让整个产业链的账面利润显得比实际更健康。",
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    "content": "<p>贝瑞 (Michael Burry) 这位因精准做空次贷、被电影《大空头》纪录的基金经理,6 月 30 日披露了一份做空名单,涵盖辉达 (NVDA-US)(入场价 198.09 美元)、特斯拉(TSLA-US)、应用材料(AMAT-US) 及费城半导体 ETF(SOXX-US)。7 月 1 日,他新开仓做空美光(MU-US)(入场价 1051.87 美元)。7 月 25 日再度发文,进一步扩大对辉达、美光和 SOXX 的空头仓位。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6555654/l/da23bfa81109b6e77d399a28f6709ec8.jpg\" alt=\"华尔街最著名「乌鸦嘴」又盯上辉达 三大论点站得住脚吗?\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>他给出的理由并非新论,AI 基础设施建设存在「表外循环融资」和「折旧年限虚报」两大问题,辉达客户端的财务处理方式,可能让整个产业链的账面利润显得比实际更健康。消息一出,社群媒体反应几乎是条件反射式的,又是一套看空说辞。</p>\n\n<p>辉达股价在披露后的走势经历了较大波动。6 月 30 日贝瑞首次披露当天,辉达收于约 200 美元,与其 198.09 美元的入场价基本持平。7 月初,受 Meta 宣布出租闲置 AI 算力等因素影响,费城半导体指数单日跌超 6%,辉达一度回落至 194 美元附近,但很快反弹,7 月中旬重回 210 美元上方。</p>\n\n<p>7 月 25 日贝瑞第二次加码后,辉达在 7 月 27 日单日跌近 5% 至 196.51 美元。不过这轮下跌的直接驱动因素来自当天的一篇报导,该报导称辉达正讨论向 OpenAI 提供约 2500 亿美元融资担保。贝瑞随即在社交媒体上评论,称这相当于「辉达担保客户购买自家晶片」,呼应了他提出的「表外循环融资」论点,加剧了市场担忧。</p>\n\n<p>此后辉达在 190 至 200 美元区间震荡,7 月 29 日触及 190 美元低点后快速回升,7 月 31 日收于 200.75 美元。以此计算,贝瑞 6 月 30 日 198.09 美元的入场价基本持平,略有浮亏;7 月 25 日 210.28 美元的加仓部分则浮亏约 4.5%。</p>\n\n<p>这几乎是贝瑞的固定剧本。过去几年,他频繁唱空市场,命中率却屡遭质疑。由此引出一个更值得追问的问题:当一个「专业悲观者」再次开口,其判断究竟有多少可信度?更进一步说,在整个华尔街,真正在做空这些公司的,到底是少数人的孤注一掷,还是一场心照不宣的集体撤退?</p>\n\n<p>将命中与失手并列来看,会发现一条清晰的分界线,他真正押对的几次,无一例外都是「结构性问题」叠加了「明确催化剂」,次贷违约到期潮、疫情黑天鹅莫不如此。而那些缺乏具体导火索、仅凭「估值过高」支撑的判断,几乎每次都失于时机。</p>\n\n<p>这背后是他一以贯之的分析框架,不看容易被粉饰的市盈率和净资产收益率,只信自由现金流;不信评级机构和分析师报告,习惯像查病历一样翻查最原始的财务凭证。</p>\n\n<p>这套方法论擅长回答「资产是否被高估、是否存在隐患」,却无法回答「风险何时引爆」,这恰恰是理解他此次做空的关键前提。</p>\n\n<p>先看一组容易被忽略的数据:辉达当前的做空比例约占流通股的 1.3% 至 1.4%,处于相当低的水位(不过换算成名义金额,辉达同时也是美股做空规模最大的个股之一,绝对值并不小);截至今年 2 月的一份统计显示,做空辉达的机构整体已亏损超过 50 亿美元,是当时全市场空头亏损最惨的一只股票。不过值得注意的是,做空规模在今年初一度萎缩后,目前已重新回升。</p>\n\n<p>真正敢公开、大规模下注做空的,只是极少数。贝瑞声量最大,但绝非唯一一个,也远算不上主流。</p>\n\n<p>贝瑞这次提出的三项论点,说服力并不均匀。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>第一点:折旧年限</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>这里涉及一个基本的会计逻辑,公司购置长期使用的设备,不能将全部支出一次性计入当期费用,而是要按设备的「使用年限」分摊到未来多个会计年度,每年只扣减一部分,由此账面利润会更为好看。</p>\n\n<p>贝瑞质疑的是,AI 晶片这类硬体迭代极快,实际可用年限可能只有 2 至 3 年,但微软、谷歌、Meta 等采购晶片的云厂商,却将折旧年限拉长至 6 年。年限拉得越长,每年分摊的成本越少,账面利润也就被人为垫高。</p>\n\n<p>辉达和部分分析师已正面回应,但需指出,回应的对象是下游客户的折旧政策,而非辉达自身。这场争论最终要靠未来几年的财报(是否出现大额减值)来验证。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>第二点:表外循环融资</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>此论点指向的是,辉达当前旺盛的晶片订单,其中可能并非全部来自终端用户的真实需求,或存在一种「自我创造需求」的资金循环。</p>\n\n<p>市场上流传的一个具体版本是,辉达为某家 AI 公司的算力扩张提供资金担保,这家公司以此担保资金租用云服务、采购辉达晶片,辉达则据此确认一笔「真实」的营收和订单。资金经周转后最终回流至辉达自身,而中间许多资金往来无需在财务报表中完整披露,故称「表外」。</p>\n\n<p>贝瑞的担忧在于,若将这类「资助客户购买自身产品」的循环剔除,辉达真实的终端需求可能没有账面数字那么亮眼。辉达对此反驳称,其对外战略投资规模很小,仅占营收极小比例,指控缺乏依据。这一论点比第一条更依赖尚未完全披露的资讯,可验证性也更弱。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>第三点:股票回购摊薄</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>贝瑞指控辉达近几年的股票回购夸大了每股盈利表现,但辉达随后指出,贝瑞的计算将员工股权激励的税款也计入其中,存在明显的口径错误。贝瑞本人未提供更详细的数据予以反驳,这条目前在三条中最缺乏说服力。</p>\n\n<p>值得注意的是,与贝瑞持相反立场的,恰是另一位出自《大空头》的原型人物&mdash;&mdash;艾斯曼(Steve Eisman)。艾斯曼表示暂时不打算做空辉达,理由包括:营收仍大幅增长、回购和分红持续加码、几大云厂商的资本开支承诺仍在扩张,这些数字目前经得起检验。但他同时坦言对这轮上涨的可持续性感到紧张,已主动减仓,7 月底还警告称,任何一家巨头削减 AI 资本支出,美股将面临直线下跌的风险。</p>\n\n<p>两位同样经历过 2008 年、同样以逆向思维著称的老将,这次在 AI 这道题上给出了截然相反的答案。</p>\n\n<p>而传奇空头查诺斯(Jim Chanos)的立场更为微妙。他认同贝瑞对「会计错配」的大方向判断,晶片设备商立刻确认收入,采购晶片的云厂商却将巨额支出分四到七年逐期摊销,这与 2001 年网际网路泡沫前夕的情形高度相似。当年思科的财报持续向好,电信运营商却靠拉长摊销周期来掩盖产能过剩,WorldCom 更是直接财务造假,直至丑闻暴露才集中引爆,酿成美国历史上最大规模的破产案之一。</p>\n\n<p>但落到具体操作上,查诺斯选了一条完全不同的路。据他公开表态,他对记忆体晶片领域的周期博弈持谨慎态度,基本不碰美光;他也不直接做空辉达,反而认为它比同行更具估值吸引力。他真正下注做空的,是那些同时押注 AI 基建和商业地产、身处低资本化率环境的私募股权公司,针对的是这场 AI 热潮中金融杠杆的外围,而非晶片股本身。</p>\n\n<p>将三方立场并列,可看出「AI 是否存在泡沫」这一大判断,在资深空头之间有相当共识,但「具体做空谁、如何下注」分歧显著,几乎各自为战。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-8194.html\" title=\"「蓝领」半导体股较6月高点重挫21% 工业景气恐亮警讯\">「蓝领」半导体股较6月高点重挫21% 工业景气恐亮警讯</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-9455.html\" title=\"财经名嘴:华尔街最新「篮子交易」正创造逢低布局机会\">财经名嘴:华尔街最新「篮子交易」正创造逢低布局机会</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-6201.html\" title=\"Wedbush:看好辉达VeraCPU 高核心数性能超越x86\">Wedbush:看好辉达VeraCPU 高核心数性能超越x86</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-9157.html\" title=\"〈纽约汇市〉美元7月跌逾1% Fed与通膨数据释杂讯 日元连两日强升\">〈纽约汇市〉美元7月跌逾1% Fed与通膨数据释杂讯 日元连两日强升</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-864.html\" title=\"保护壳亮相!苹果iPhone折叠机设计细节曝光:军规防摔、雾面质感\">保护壳亮相!苹果iPhone折叠机设计细节曝光:军规防摔、雾面质感</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-8191.html\" title=\"英特尔为何豪砸逾200亿美元拚AI?高盛:转型成败才是真考验\">英特尔为何豪砸逾200亿美元拚AI?高盛:转型成败才是真考验</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-08-01T05:00:06.000Z",
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