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光通讯成AI新瓶颈!Lumentum:这一「半导体材料」短缺恐比记忆体更严重

2026-08-21 12:35:33 钜亨网 阅读(19)

随着资料中心对光连接的需求呈指数级攀升,一种鲜少出现在镁光灯下的化合物半导体材料磷化铟(InP),正迅速成为 AI 供应链中最脆弱的环节。业界人士示警,这波短缺的严重程度恐怕会超越当前众所瞩目的记忆体危机。

光通讯成AI新瓶颈!Lumentum:这一「半导体材料」短缺恐比记忆体更严重

光学元件大厂 Lumentum(LITE-US) 执行长 Michael Hurlston 本月在巴黎举行的 RAISE 峰会上直言,磷化铟的供应紧张程度将超越记忆体市场。

他透露,Lumentum 目前拥有五座磷化铟晶圆厂,但出货量仍比客户需求少了 30% 以上,而且这个缺口比上一季还要更大。

Hurlston 坦言:「就算把我们两家(Lumentum 与 Coherent(COHR-US) )的产能加在一起,恐怕都无法满足辉达 (NVDA-US) 与其他客户开出的需求量。」

市场研究机构 SemiAnalysis 也提出类似警告,指出应用于近封装光连接的连续波分布回馈(CW DFB)磷化铟雷射尤其吃紧。

目前,该产业的晶圆尺寸大多仍停留在二至四吋,与矽基 CMOS 晶片普遍采用的十二吋制程相差甚远,产能扩张因此面临结构性限制。

这些警讯已在市场掀起波澜。辉达今年三月分别对 Lumentum 与 Coherent 各挹注二十亿美元,试图锁定这两家合计掌握全球多数高速光通讯雷射产能的供应商。

然而,相关个股近一个月来反而遭到重挫。Lumentum 重挫 22.3%,Coherent 大跌 37.6%,基板供应商 AXT 公司 (AXTI-US) 跌幅更达 39.9%,收发模组厂祥茂光电科技 (AAOI-US) 也下滑 35.7%,股价走势与产业基本面明显脱钩。

矽光子绕不开磷化铟

分析指出,磷化铟之所以无可取代,关键在于材料本身的物理特性。

矽属于间接能隙材料,只能负责导光、分光与调变光讯号,本身无法发光;磷化铟的直接能隙约为 1.34 电子伏特,能有效率地把电能转换成光子。

这代表,不论是辉达、博通、迈威尔还是思科所推出的矽光子平台,封装内部都必须内建磷化铟雷射作为光源。

换句话说,产业从可插拔收发模组走向共同封装光学(CPO)架构,改变的只是雷射的安装位置,并没有让磷化铟雷射从物料清单中消失。

事实上,CPO 架构还把雷射需求推向更难制造的高功率连续波光源与外部雷射模组,才能同时驱动多条光通道。而 Coherent 与辉达的合作内容,正好涵盖这类高功率连续波雷射、外部雷射模组与光纤阵列元件。

辉达方面表示,其光子交换器相较于传统可插拔方案,每埠所需雷射数量减少四倍,功耗效率提升 3.5 倍,网路韧性也提升十倍。

问题是,这些效益都是以「每埠」为单位计算,而真正推升需求曲线的,恰恰是传输埠总数的爆炸性成长。以 Spectrum-X Photonics 的高阶配置为例,单一系统即可支援 512 个 800Gb/s 传输埠,总交换容量达到 400Tb/s。

从「千片」到「百万片」的需求跳跃

Hurlston 用一组对比数字,勾勒出这波需求革命的力道。

电信客户过去采购雷射的规模是「以百计」,而如今辉达与各大云端业者的需求则是「以亿计」。

他说:「要从数千片晶圆的规模,一口气扩大到数百万片,而且还是在非矽材料上进行,这绝非易事。」

数字也反映在财报上。Lumentum 最新一季营收达 8.084 亿美元,年增 90%,其中元件业务营收 5.33 亿美元,泵浦雷射出货量年增 80%,但供需缺口依旧持续扩大。

Hurlston 在财报电话会议上表示,供需失衡程度已从上一季揭露的 25% 至 30%,进一步扩大至「逾 30%」,泵浦雷射的供应吃紧程度「甚至超乎预期」,核心元件「在可预见的未来实质上已经卖光」。

公司对下一季的营收指引落在 9.6 亿至 10.1 亿美元,营业利益率预估达 35% 至 36%。

Coherent 同样缴出创纪录的单季ㄏ营收 18 亿美元,年增 21%,资料中心与通讯业务占总营收比重,已从约一年前的 41% 大幅跃升至 75%,订单能见度更已排到 2028 年。

Coherent 执行长 Jim Anderson 表示,公司六吋磷化铟产线的设备良率已超越旧有的三吋产线,内部产能预计在 6 月底当季实现翻倍,较原订计划提前一季,并将在 2027 年底前再翻倍以上。

与记忆体危机的关键差异:时程

尽管警讯不断,市场对这波短缺究竟会持续多久,看法仍相当分歧。

市调机构 LightCounting 在今年四月的预测显示,目前收发模组的需求已超出供给约 30%,与 Lumentum 揭露的数字相符。

不过,该机构同时预估短缺将在 2026 年底前逐步缓解,并把今年乙太网路收发模组的成长率预测,从 2025 年的 82% 下修至 65%。

Coherent 将产能翻倍时程提前一季达成,也指向类似的乐观方向。

与记忆体危机最大的不同在于,磷化铟短缺的出路,是一场已经在产线上实际运行、良率甚至超越旧制程节点的晶圆尺寸升级,而非动辄需要三年才能从零建成的全新晶圆厂,因此在一定程度上支撑了市场相对乐观的时程预期。

不过 Hurlston 的警告同样有其现实考量,毕竟他所带领的公司,其市场评价在相当程度上,正系于这波短缺究竟会延续多久。

分析指出,磷化铟供应受限的原因不只在于制造能力,更涉及原料来源的先天限制与地缘政治风险。作为锌冶炼的副产品,铟的供应高度依赖锌产业景气与产量,无法因雷射器需求增加而快速提高产出,使整体供应链面临结构性瓶颈。

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    "content": "<p>随着资料中心对光连接的需求呈指数级攀升,一种鲜少出现在镁光灯下的化合物半导体材料磷化铟(InP),正迅速成为 AI 供应链中最脆弱的环节。业界人士示警,这波短缺的严重程度恐怕会超越当前众所瞩目的记忆体危机。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6557935/l/99a5f5a4a2291190aceb3a7efb607e0d.jpg\" alt=\"光通讯成AI新瓶颈!Lumentum:这一「半导体材料」短缺恐比记忆体更严重\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>光学元件大厂 Lumentum(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:LITE:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">LITE-US</a>) 执行长 Michael Hurlston 本月在巴黎举行的 RAISE 峰会上直言,磷化铟的供应紧张程度将超越记忆体市场。</p>\n\n<p>他透露,Lumentum 目前拥有五座磷化铟晶圆厂,但出货量仍比客户需求少了 30% 以上,而且这个缺口比上一季还要更大。</p>\n\n<p>Hurlston 坦言:「就算把我们两家(Lumentum 与 Coherent(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:COHR:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">COHR-US</a>) )的产能加在一起,恐怕都无法满足辉达 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:NVDA:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">NVDA-US</a>) 与其他客户开出的需求量。」</p>\n\n<p>市场研究机构 SemiAnalysis 也提出类似警告,指出应用于近封装光连接的连续波分布回馈(CW DFB)磷化铟雷射尤其吃紧。</p>\n\n<p>目前,该产业的晶圆尺寸大多仍停留在二至四吋,与矽基 CMOS 晶片普遍采用的十二吋制程相差甚远,产能扩张因此面临结构性限制。</p>\n\n<p>这些警讯已在市场掀起波澜。辉达今年三月分别对 Lumentum 与 Coherent 各挹注二十亿美元,试图锁定这两家合计掌握全球多数高速光通讯雷射产能的供应商。</p>\n\n<p>然而,相关个股近一个月来反而遭到重挫。Lumentum 重挫 22.3%,Coherent 大跌 37.6%,基板供应商 AXT 公司 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AXTI:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AXTI-US</a>) 跌幅更达 39.9%,收发模组厂祥茂光电科技 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AAOI:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AAOI-US</a>) 也下滑 35.7%,股价走势与产业基本面明显脱钩。</p>\n\n<h6>矽光子绕不开磷化铟</h6>\n\n<p>分析指出,磷化铟之所以无可取代,关键在于材料本身的物理特性。</p>\n\n<p>矽属于间接能隙材料,只能负责导光、分光与调变光讯号,本身无法发光;磷化铟的直接能隙约为 1.34 电子伏特,能有效率地把电能转换成光子。</p>\n\n<p>这代表,不论是辉达、博通、迈威尔还是思科所推出的矽光子平台,封装内部都必须内建磷化铟雷射作为光源。</p>\n\n<p>换句话说,产业从可插拔收发模组走向共同封装光学(CPO)架构,改变的只是雷射的安装位置,并没有让磷化铟雷射从物料清单中消失。</p>\n\n<p>事实上,CPO 架构还把雷射需求推向更难制造的高功率连续波光源与外部雷射模组,才能同时驱动多条光通道。而 Coherent 与辉达的合作内容,正好涵盖这类高功率连续波雷射、外部雷射模组与光纤阵列元件。</p>\n\n<p>辉达方面表示,其光子交换器相较于传统可插拔方案,每埠所需雷射数量减少四倍,功耗效率提升 3.5 倍,网路韧性也提升十倍。</p>\n\n<p>问题是,这些效益都是以「每埠」为单位计算,而真正推升需求曲线的,恰恰是传输埠总数的爆炸性成长。以 Spectrum-X Photonics 的高阶配置为例,单一系统即可支援 512 个 800Gb/s 传输埠,总交换容量达到 400Tb/s。</p>\n\n<h6>从「千片」到「百万片」的需求跳跃</h6>\n\n<p>Hurlston 用一组对比数字,勾勒出这波需求革命的力道。</p>\n\n<p>电信客户过去采购雷射的规模是「以百计」,而如今辉达与各大云端业者的需求则是「以亿计」。</p>\n\n<p>他说:「要从数千片晶圆的规模,一口气扩大到数百万片,而且还是在非矽材料上进行,这绝非易事。」</p>\n\n<p>数字也反映在财报上。Lumentum 最新一季营收达 8.084 亿美元,年增 90%,其中元件业务营收 5.33 亿美元,泵浦雷射出货量年增 80%,但供需缺口依旧持续扩大。</p>\n\n<p>Hurlston 在财报电话会议上表示,供需失衡程度已从上一季揭露的 25% 至 30%,进一步扩大至「逾 30%」,泵浦雷射的供应吃紧程度「甚至超乎预期」,核心元件「在可预见的未来实质上已经卖光」。</p>\n\n<p>公司对下一季的营收指引落在 9.6 亿至 10.1 亿美元,营业利益率预估达 35% 至 36%。</p>\n\n<p>Coherent 同样缴出创纪录的单季ㄏ营收 18 亿美元,年增 21%,资料中心与通讯业务占总营收比重,已从约一年前的 41% 大幅跃升至 75%,订单能见度更已排到 2028 年。</p>\n\n<p>Coherent 执行长 Jim Anderson 表示,公司六吋磷化铟产线的设备良率已超越旧有的三吋产线,内部产能预计在 6 月底当季实现翻倍,较原订计划提前一季,并将在 2027 年底前再翻倍以上。</p>\n\n<h6>与记忆体危机的关键差异:时程</h6>\n\n<p>尽管警讯不断,市场对这波短缺究竟会持续多久,看法仍相当分歧。</p>\n\n<p>市调机构 LightCounting 在今年四月的预测显示,目前收发模组的需求已超出供给约 30%,与 Lumentum 揭露的数字相符。</p>\n\n<p>不过,该机构同时预估短缺将在 2026 年底前逐步缓解,并把今年乙太网路收发模组的成长率预测,从 2025 年的 82% 下修至 65%。</p>\n\n<p>Coherent 将产能翻倍时程提前一季达成,也指向类似的乐观方向。</p>\n\n<p>与记忆体危机最大的不同在于,磷化铟短缺的出路,是一场已经在产线上实际运行、良率甚至超越旧制程节点的晶圆尺寸升级,而非动辄需要三年才能从零建成的全新晶圆厂,因此在一定程度上支撑了市场相对乐观的时程预期。</p>\n\n<p>不过 Hurlston 的警告同样有其现实考量,毕竟他所带领的公司,其市场评价在相当程度上,正系于这波短缺究竟会延续多久。</p>\n\n<p>分析指出,磷化铟供应受限的原因不只在于制造能力,更涉及原料来源的先天限制与地缘政治风险。作为锌冶炼的副产品,铟的供应高度依赖锌产业景气与产量,无法因雷射器需求增加而快速提高产出,使整体供应链面临结构性瓶颈。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-534.html\" title=\"高盛:押注AI赢家 避险基金科技股部位创多年新高\">高盛:押注AI赢家 避险基金科技股部位创多年新高</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-11220.html\" title=\"黄仁勋亲笔催货!SK海力士豪砸7200亿美元盖AI记忆体帝国\">黄仁勋亲笔催货!SK海力士豪砸7200亿美元盖AI记忆体帝国</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-8574.html\" title=\"月之暗面开放Kimi K3下载后 黄仁勋赴华府呼吁开放权重AI\">月之暗面开放Kimi K3下载后 黄仁勋赴华府呼吁开放权重AI</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-9258.html\" title=\"辉达市值有望达到10兆美元?外媒点出「下一波成长引擎」\">辉达市值有望达到10兆美元?外媒点出「下一波成长引擎」</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-6161.html\" title=\"散户不玩标普500了?美股「追热门就跑」成新常态\">散户不玩标普500了?美股「追热门就跑」成新常态</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-4337.html\" title=\"Rocket Lab并购Iridium 一举取得卫星群与全球频谱\">Rocket Lab并购Iridium 一举取得卫星群与全球频谱</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-08-04T02:58:01.000Z",
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