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AI债务泡沫要破了?高盛:市场承接能力正逼近临界点

2026-08-21 01:51:38 钜亨网 阅读(13)

高盛多名信用交易员与策略师上周密集发出警讯,指出科技巨头为抢进 AI 竞赛而疯狂发债,已让全球投资级公司债市场陷入「消化不良」的险境,市场承接新增供给的能量正快速枯竭,一旦裂缝扩大,冲击恐从债市蔓延至股市。

AI债务泡沫要破了?高盛:市场承接能力正逼近临界点

高盛投资级债券交易员 Jeffrey Papai 指出,过去一个月 AI 相关企业合计 750 亿美元的发债量已让市场「疲于奔命」,带动高盛追踪的 AI 债券利差指标单周扩大 22 个基点。

更值得警惕的是,如今仅需 250 亿美元的新增供给,就足以让市场陷入被动,远低于过去 750 亿美元的压力门槛。

高盛衍生性商品交易主管 Brian Garrett 则直言,信用交易台内部已出现「惨烈」等字眼,与同期标普 500 指数仅在 30 个基点窄幅区间震荡形成罕见的股债背离。

这股压力已具体反映在个股利差上。上周 Alphabet 十年期公司债利差扩大 0.12 个百分点,Meta 同天期债券利差扬升 0.16 个百分点。

相较之下,彭博资料显示整体投资级债券同期平均利差仅上升 0.02 个百分点,显示超大规模云端服务商板块正明显与大盘脱钩。

科技巨头的发债脚步,早已超出市场先前预估的上限。《华尔街日报》报导指出,被归类为「AI 超大规模服务商」的六家公司,包括 Alphabet(GOOGL-US) 、亚马逊 (AMZN-US) 、Meta(META-US) 、甲骨文 (ORCL-US) 、辉达 (NVDA-US) 与 SpaceX(SPCX-US) ,今年迄今已在全球债市累计发行约 2440 亿美元公司债,较去年全年 1080 亿美元成长逾一倍,更是 2024 年 170 亿美元发行量的 14 倍以上。

摩根士丹利统计显示,这些公司的整体杠杆率从 2025 年第三季的 0.9 倍,在短短两季多内飙升至目前 1.8 倍,已超越整个能源产业的杠杆水准,且每季仍以约 0.3 倍的速度攀升。

若以存续期加权(DV01)计算,加计三家主要晶片厂商在内的 AI 相关发行人,占投资级指数比重已达 9%,且持续上升;单以亚马逊、Meta、谷歌、微软与甲骨文五家公司计算,目前已占整个美元投资等级债券指数的 4%。

资金缺口有多大?高盛算给

高盛信用策略主管 Amanda Lyman 测算,即使将超大规模服务商的杠杆水准拉高至与美国大型银行相当,理论上也仅能再释出约 5100 亿美元的举债空间。

然而,高盛股票研究团队预估,五大超大规模服务商在 2025 至 2030 会计年度间的 AI 资本支出合计将高达 5.8 兆美元。

Papai 指出,AI 相关债券占整体投资级市场发行量的比重,已从 2024 年约 1%, 一路攀升至 2025 年约 7%,并在 2026 年上半年进一步冲上约 18%;若只看 15 年期以上的长天期发行,比重更高达 42%。

他坦言「投资人的新增承接能力已大幅萎缩」,并列出市场要顺利消化下一轮资本支出所需的几项条件:发行方放缓步调并释出更清晰的前瞻指引、发债币别与天期更加分散、银行直接放款与私募信贷承接更多份额,以及利差进一步走阔以吸引新买盘。

但他也承认,「利差走阔」这条路本身自相矛盾。一旦 AI 公司债出现全面性卖压,恐怕会直接冲击股市,并蔓延至更广泛的投资级债市。

何非借不可?现金流缺口是根源

超大规模服务商之所以持续大举举债,根本原因在于资本支出早已超出自身现金流负担能力。

Apollo 首席经济学家 Torsten Slok 警告,科技业以外企业的获利率至今未见改善,AI 企业的高估值完全建立在「标普 493 成分股获利率终将大幅跃升」的预期之上。

若 AI 带来的生产力提升需要五年而非五个月才能兑现,目前已按「即时获利成长」定价的股市恐将面临痛苦的重新定价。

Slok 并提到,token 价格持续下滑,加上中国 AI 模型在全球使用量上已超越美系产品,都将对超大规模服务商的自由现金流前景构成额外压力,一旦 AI 投资报酬兑现时间晚于预期,恐引发现金流不如预期、科技股遭抛售、信评遭下调的三重连锁效应。

美国银行首席投资策略师 Michael Hartnett 也将「AI 资本支出缩减」列为当前市场最大尾部风险,示警路径为:债市「义警」率先切断资金活水,迫使企业转向股权融资并裁员。目前,Meta、微软、亚马逊已分别裁员 13%、10% 与 9%。

历史重演?半年前已上演过一次「有惊无险」

这并非 AI 债务市场首度逼近临界点。

今年 5 月初,英国《金融时报》曾报导,摩根大通、摩根士丹利与三井住友银行(SMBC)等机构正积极寻求分散资料中心相关债务风险,显示核心买家对供给涌入已生抵触情绪。

然而该报导刊出约 48 小时后,高盛随即发布《解码代理经济》研究报告,改口预测 AI 代理将带动大型语言模型获利率大幅跃升,足以保障债券本息,一举平息当时的紧张情绪,反而催生更大规模的新一轮发债。

亚马逊 3 月完成 370 亿美元发债(史上第四大企业债发行案)、7 月再发 250 亿美元;SpaceX 更在 IPO 后数日即以 250 亿美元公司债叩关债市。

如今,交易台口中的「惨烈」警讯,似乎预示这套叙事的支撑力道正在减弱。

Papai 表示,短期内 AI 债券或因利差已有所修正、加上发行窗口将临近财报静默期而暂获喘息,但「中长期来看,考量供给前景,预期表现将进一步落后大盘」,并建议投资人可布局信用波动率部位,以避免压力蔓延至更广泛市场的风险。

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    "content": "<p>高盛多名信用交易员与策略师上周密集发出警讯,指出科技巨头为抢进 AI 竞赛而疯狂发债,已让全球投资级公司债市场陷入「消化不良」的险境,市场承接新增供给的能量正快速枯竭,一旦裂缝扩大,冲击恐从债市蔓延至股市。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6532568/l/a440150994c166861f4d2fb53f5d69ed.jpg\" alt=\"AI债务泡沫要破了?高盛:市场承接能力正逼近临界点\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>高盛投资级债券交易员 Jeffrey Papai 指出,过去一个月 AI 相关企业合计 750 亿美元的发债量已让市场「疲于奔命」,带动高盛追踪的 AI 债券利差指标单周扩大 22 个基点。</p>\n\n<p>更值得警惕的是,如今仅需 250 亿美元的新增供给,就足以让市场陷入被动,远低于过去 750 亿美元的压力门槛。</p>\n\n<p>高盛衍生性商品交易主管 Brian Garrett 则直言,信用交易台内部已出现「惨烈」等字眼,与同期标普 500 指数仅在 30 个基点窄幅区间震荡形成罕见的股债背离。</p>\n\n<p>这股压力已具体反映在个股利差上。上周 Alphabet 十年期公司债利差扩大 0.12 个百分点,Meta 同天期债券利差扬升 0.16 个百分点。</p>\n\n<p>相较之下,彭博资料显示整体投资级债券同期平均利差仅上升 0.02 个百分点,显示超大规模云端服务商板块正明显与大盘脱钩。</p>\n\n<p>科技巨头的发债脚步,早已超出市场先前预估的上限。《华尔街日报》报导指出,被归类为「AI 超大规模服务商」的六家公司,包括 Alphabet(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:GOOGL:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">GOOGL-US</a>) 、亚马逊 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AMZN:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AMZN-US</a>) 、Meta(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:META:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">META-US</a>) 、甲骨文 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:ORCL:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">ORCL-US</a>) 、辉达 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:NVDA:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">NVDA-US</a>) 与 SpaceX(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:SPCX:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">SPCX-US</a>) ,今年迄今已在全球债市累计发行约 2440 亿美元公司债,较去年全年 1080 亿美元成长逾一倍,更是 2024 年 170 亿美元发行量的 14 倍以上。</p>\n\n<p>摩根士丹利统计显示,这些公司的整体杠杆率从 2025 年第三季的 0.9 倍,在短短两季多内飙升至目前 1.8 倍,已超越整个能源产业的杠杆水准,且每季仍以约 0.3 倍的速度攀升。</p>\n\n<p>若以存续期加权(DV01)计算,加计三家主要晶片厂商在内的 AI 相关发行人,占投资级指数比重已达 9%,且持续上升;单以亚马逊、Meta、谷歌、微软与甲骨文五家公司计算,目前已占整个美元投资等级债券指数的 4%。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>资金缺口有多大?高盛算给</strong><strong>你</strong><strong>看</strong></h6>\n\n<p>高盛信用策略主管 Amanda Lyman 测算,即使将超大规模服务商的杠杆水准拉高至与美国大型银行相当,理论上也仅能再释出约 5100 亿美元的举债空间。</p>\n\n<p>然而,高盛股票研究团队预估,五大超大规模服务商在 2025 至 2030 会计年度间的 AI 资本支出合计将高达 5.8 兆美元。</p>\n\n<p>Papai 指出,AI 相关债券占整体投资级市场发行量的比重,已从 2024 年约 1%, 一路攀升至 2025 年约 7%,并在 2026 年上半年进一步冲上约 18%;若只看 15 年期以上的长天期发行,比重更高达 42%。</p>\n\n<p>他坦言「投资人的新增承接能力已大幅萎缩」,并列出市场要顺利消化下一轮资本支出所需的几项条件:发行方放缓步调并释出更清晰的前瞻指引、发债币别与天期更加分散、银行直接放款与私募信贷承接更多份额,以及利差进一步走阔以吸引新买盘。</p>\n\n<p>但他也承认,「利差走阔」这条路本身自相矛盾。一旦 AI 公司债出现全面性卖压,恐怕会直接冲击股市,并蔓延至更广泛的投资级债市。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>为</strong><strong>何非借不可?现金流缺口是根源</strong></h6>\n\n<p>超大规模服务商之所以持续大举举债,根本原因在于资本支出早已超出自身现金流负担能力。</p>\n\n<p>Apollo 首席经济学家 Torsten Slok 警告,科技业以外企业的获利率至今未见改善,AI 企业的高估值完全建立在「标普 493 成分股获利率终将大幅跃升」的预期之上。</p>\n\n<p>若 AI 带来的生产力提升需要五年而非五个月才能兑现,目前已按「即时获利成长」定价的股市恐将面临痛苦的重新定价。</p>\n\n<p>Slok 并提到,token 价格持续下滑,加上中国 AI 模型在全球使用量上已超越美系产品,都将对超大规模服务商的自由现金流前景构成额外压力,一旦 AI 投资报酬兑现时间晚于预期,恐引发现金流不如预期、科技股遭抛售、信评遭下调的三重连锁效应。</p>\n\n<p>美国银行首席投资策略师 Michael Hartnett 也将「AI 资本支出缩减」列为当前市场最大尾部风险,示警路径为:债市「义警」率先切断资金活水,迫使企业转向股权融资并裁员。目前,Meta、微软、亚马逊已分别裁员 13%、10% 与 9%。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>历史重演?半年前已上演过一次「有惊无险」</strong></h6>\n\n<p>这并非 AI 债务市场首度逼近临界点。</p>\n\n<p>今年 5 月初,英国《金融时报》曾报导,摩根大通、摩根士丹利与三井住友银行(SMBC)等机构正积极寻求分散资料中心相关债务风险,显示核心买家对供给涌入已生抵触情绪。</p>\n\n<p>然而该报导刊出约 48 小时后,高盛随即发布《解码代理经济》研究报告,改口预测 AI 代理将带动大型语言模型获利率大幅跃升,足以保障债券本息,一举平息当时的紧张情绪,反而催生更大规模的新一轮发债。</p>\n\n<p>亚马逊 3 月完成 370 亿美元发债(史上第四大企业债发行案)、7 月再发 250 亿美元;SpaceX 更在 IPO 后数日即以 250 亿美元公司债叩关债市。</p>\n\n<p>如今,交易台口中的「惨烈」警讯,似乎预示这套叙事的支撑力道正在减弱。</p>\n\n<p>Papai 表示,短期内 AI 债券或因利差已有所修正、加上发行窗口将临近财报静默期而暂获喘息,但「中长期来看,考量供给前景,预期表现将进一步落后大盘」,并建议投资人可布局信用波动率部位,以避免压力蔓延至更广泛市场的风险。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-10366.html\" title=\"OpenAI神秘AI硬体曝!「甜甜圈」智慧音箱2027年登场、售价上看400美元\">OpenAI神秘AI硬体曝!「甜甜圈」智慧音箱2027年登场、售价上看400美元</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-7587.html\" title=\"动能交易触底或仍需数周!高盛为美股打强心针:未浮现系统性风险\">动能交易触底或仍需数周!高盛为美股打强心针:未浮现系统性风险</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-11482.html\" title=\"美股8月「牛市」又回来了!AI、科技股狂飙但「金发女孩」行情恐藏风险\">美股8月「牛市」又回来了!AI、科技股狂飙但「金发女孩」行情恐藏风险</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-11606.html\" title=\"逾2年没碰中概股 传奇投资人突然出手买进百度\">逾2年没碰中概股 传奇投资人突然出手买进百度</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-652.html\" title=\"美SEC意外叫停代币化股票计划!Coinbase执行长不气馁:金融变革才刚开始\">美SEC意外叫停代币化股票计划!Coinbase执行长不气馁:金融变革才刚开始</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-4098.html\" title=\"比特币跌破6万美元关卡!ETF连七周遭提款\">比特币跌破6万美元关卡!ETF连七周遭提款</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-07-14T03:18:06.000Z",
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